Exterior, Foundation, and Roof Evaluation The exterior and structure of a home tell a significant story about its overall condition and maintenance. Inspectors begin with the roof, checking for missing, curled, or cracked shingles, signs of moss or algae, and the condition of flashing and gutters . The roof is one of the most expensive components to replace, so its age and condition are major considerations . The foundation is another area of intense scrutiny; inspectors look for cracks in walls, ceilings, and exterior foundation walls, as well as signs of water intrusion or soil movement . The grading and slope of the land around the house are also examined to ensure water drains away from the foundation, preventing moisture problems . The siding or exterior cladding is checked for warping, cracking, or loose sections, which can indicate water intrusion or deferred maintenance . Windows and doors are inspected for seals, frames, and proper operation .
Interior Systems and Structural Integrity Inside the home, inspectors focus on both the visible finishes and the hidden systems. Walls, ceilings, and floors are examined for cracks, stains, or unevenness that could point to structural issues, water damage, or settling . The attic and crawl spaces are critical areas; inspectors check for proper insulation, ventilation, moisture levels, and signs of pests or mold . These spaces often hold early clues about bigger problems. The basement is another area of focus, with inspectors looking for evidence of water intrusion, mold, or structural concerns . A good inspector will also examine the condition of interior doors and windows, ensuring they operate smoothly and seal properly . Smoke and carbon monoxide detectors are verified to be installed and functional . For homes with built-in appliances that are included in the sale, their operation is confirmed .
Plumbing, Electrical, and HVAC Assessment The mechanical systems of a home are often the most costly to repair or replace. Inspectors evaluate the plumbing by checking visible pipes for leaks and corrosion, testing water pressure and drainage, and assessing the age and condition of the water heater . If the home has a septic system, a separate specialized inspection is usually recommended . The electrical system is reviewed for safety and code compliance, including the condition of wiring, outlets, switches, and the breaker panel . Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters, especially in kitchens and bathrooms, are checked, as are signs of outdated knob-and-tube wiring . The heating and cooling systems are tested to ensure they function properly and are not at the end of their lifespan; the age of the furnace or air conditioning unit is noted, and filters and ductwork may be examined . Understanding the condition of these systems helps a buyer budget for immediate repairs or replacements and provides leverage in price negotiations .
